Tested The Cabinet: The preservation of executive unity and au-lority has been subject to severe strains in the 3th century. Two world wars and the emer-ence of a welfare state in Britain have wrought langes in the character and scope of British avernment that have tested the cabinet's ability i continue as the focal point of executive au-lority. Whereas in the late 19th century the ibinet could still act with ease as the sole initi-:or, deliberator, and decider of executive policy, nee World War I it has been forced increasingly > share its functions with administrative civil :rvants, cabinet committees, and small groups F ministers.
Some observers regard the modern cabinet as united not so much by the equal status of its members as by the near-presidential power of the prime minister. Others argue that, while the cabinet structure is more complex and hierarchi¬cal than before, the cabinet is still a genuinely collective final authority within the executive. However regarded, the cabinet in generally con¬ceded to be the source of political action in Par¬liament. In short, it has maintained the tradi¬tional monarchical role of determining policy. Parliament may control the government, but it cannot be said to govern.See Also The Cabinet Monopolizes:The cabinet monopolizes only the role of nal authority within the executive. It acts rimarily as a court of last resort on policy uestions that as often as not are initiated and iscussed by eommittees rather than by the full ibinet.
The greatly enlarged body of government business also has tended to lessen the equality of status among ministers that is implicit in the doctrine of collective responsibility. The gov¬ernment departments headed by ministers are much larger and more difficult to supervise than their 19th century counterparts were, and de¬mands for increased coordination within the mod¬ern executive have reinforced the need for a clear differentiation of roles among the ministers. Since 1914 these developments have hastened the evo¬lution of a complicated cabinet structure, in which ministers are distinguished from each other by function, authority, and status.
The Cabinet. The historical decline of the lonarch as the center of executive power was ac-ompanied by the rise of ministers to a position F ultimate executive authority. The most impor-tnt group of ministers, the cabinet, has been 'ansformed from its 18th century origins as a roup of advisers to the monarch into the focal oint of the modern executive. The cabinet has iherited not only the ultimate authority of the lonarch but also the sense of unified will that•as characteristic of royal government. Its sense F unity is reinforced by a convention of col-ctive responsibility that requires all ministers ublicly to support their colleagues and to resign they find themselves unable to do so.
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